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Theosophy
A term derived from the Greek theos ('god') and sophia
('wisdom') which means wisdom of or about God, referring to a philosophical
religious system which claims absolute knowledge of the existence and nature of
the deity, and is not to be confounded with the
later system evolved by the founders of the Theosophical Society. This
knowledge, it is claimed, may be obtained by special individual revelation, or
through the operation of some higher faculty.
In a general sense, theosophy refers to a broad spectrum of occult or mystical
philosophies, often pantheistic in nature; i.e., a religious philosophy or
speculation about the nature of the soul based on mystical and occult insights
into the nature of God. One could say that Theosophy is practically another name
for speculative mysticism.
The Western theosophical tradition may
be said to be derived from the hermetic tradition
of the Renaissance and post-Renaissance and is characterized by an emphasis on the hidden
tradition passed down in a succession from the ancients. This tradition is thought to
provide a key to nature and to humanity's place in the universe.
Theosophy has also come to signify the tenets and teachings of
the founders of a religious sect, the Theosophical Society, its offshoots, and
the doctrines held by its members. The Society is an esoteric blend of Buddhism,
Brahmanism, Zoroastrianism,
Hinduism,
Gnosticism, Manichaeism, the
Kabbalah, and the philosophy of Plato and other
mystics, combined with the teachings of mysterious masters who dwell in secret
places in the
Himalayas and communicate with their initiates through their
psychic abilities and their projected astral bodies.
The most important early figure in the
movement was Helena Petrovna Blavatsky,
who, along with
Colonel Henry Steel Olcott (1832-1907) and
William Q. Judge (1851-96), founded the society in New York City in 1875. In
numerous works, including
Isis Unveiled
(1877) and
The
Secret Doctrine (1888), Blavatsky elaborated an amalgamation of previous theories
that were claimed to be derived from the mahatmas
of ancient India.
The Theosophical Society grew rapidly
in Europe and the United States, its two most influential adherents being
Annie Besant and
Rudolf Steiner.
According to Madame Blavatsky, the doctrines of theosophy rest on three fundamental
propositions. The first postulates an omnipresent, boundless, and immutable principle that
transcends human understanding. It is the one unchanging reality, or infinite
potentiality, inherent in all life and covers all that humans have tried to say about God.
The second deals with the universality of the law of periodicity recorded by science as
found in all nature. As morning, noon, and night are succeeded by morning again, so birth,
youth, adulthood, and death are succeeded by rebirth. Reincarnation is the process of human
development, in which all growth is governed by the law of justice or karma. The third proposition declares the
fundamental identity of all souls with the universal Over-Soul, suggesting that
brotherhood is a fact in nature, and the obligatory pilgrimage for every soul through
numerous cycles of incarnation. Theosophy admits of no privileges or special gifts in
humans except those won by effort and merit. Perfected individuals and great teachers,
such as Buddha, Jesus, and the mahatmas, are universal beings, the flower of evolution.
After the death of Madame Blavatsky in
1891, a battle for leadership of the society ensued, from which Annie Besant emerged as
leader in Europe and Asia, whereas W. Q. Judge led a secessionist movement in the United
States. Under Besant, the society flourished. In 1911 she put forward a young Indian,
Jiddu Krishnamurti, as a World
Teacher, around whom she founded the Order of the Star of India. This action seems to have
provoked Steiner, who, with a large number of followers, left to found the
Anthroposophical Society. The various divisions and subdivisions have continued since that
time and have influenced numerous literary and intellectual figures. The groups continue
to carry on active meetings.
See Annie Besant,
Helena Petrovna Blavatsky,
The Chakra Store,
Casting Black Magic Spells,
Commanding Spirits,
The Tarot Store and
Divination & Scrying Tools and
Supplies.
Sources: (1)
Shepard, Leslie (editor),
Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology,
Thomson Gale; (2)
Dictionary of the
Occult, Caxton
Publishing; (3) Steiger, Brad and Sherry Hansen,
The Gale Encyclopedia of
the Unusual and Unexplained,
Thomson Gale.
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