| | | | | Greece
A nation located in southeastern Europe, which the capital is the city of Athens, with a long history and tradition, as far back as thousands of years BC.
Greek-speaking Achaeans invaded the Greek peninsula from central Europe circa 2000 BC, displacing and enslaving the Pelasgians (aboriginal non-Greek inhabitants of Greece, Asia Minor and the Aegean Islands).
The earliest highly developed civilization in the Aegean area was the Minoan civilization of Crete (c. 3000-1400 BC) which spread to the mainland and gave rise to the Mycenean civilization (c. 1400-1200 BC).
This is the heroic age described by Homer. This civilization was destroyed (c. 1200 BC) by the Dorians, the second great wave of Greek-speaking invaders from the north, who increased the migrations to the islands and to Asia Minor. The early tribal settlements developed (1000-700 BC) into small independent city-states. Growing populations and a shortage of land led to overseas colonization on the coast of the Black Sea, in Sicily and in the western Mediterranean (c. 750-500 BC). By 500 BC most cities were governed by oligarchies or democracies.
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In spite of their shared language, the city-states remained divided and developed separately, with Athens and Sparta emerging as the leading powers. The Greek cities of Asia Minor, which had been absorbed into the Lydian and Persian empires during the 6th century BC, revolted (499 BC) and were crushed, despite help from Athens. This led to the Persian Wars (499-449 BC), in which Persia invaded European Greece and was defeated at Marathon (490 BC) and Plataea (479 BC), the Persian fleet being crushed at Salamis (480 BC).
Athenian democracy attained its peak under Pericles and Athens became the intellectual and artistic center of Greece. Growing rivalry between Sparta and Athens led to the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC), which ended with the capitulation of Athens. Continuing rivalries and conflicts greatly weakened the Greek city-states, and Macedonia, under Philip II, grew in power and dominated Greece (338 BC).
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